Previous: Articulations and ornamentations, Up: Attached to notes
Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
like c4\ff
. The available dynamic marks are \ppppp
,
\pppp
, \ppp
, \pp
, \p
, \mp
,
\mf
, \f
, \ff
, \fff
, \ffff
,
\fp
, \sf
, \sff
, \sp
, \spp
,
\sfz
, and \rfz
. The dynamic marks can be placed
above or below the staff with _
and ^
,
just like articulation marks.
c2\ppp c\mp c\rfz c^\mf c_\spp c_\staccato^\ff
A crescendo mark is started with \<
and
terminated with \!
or an absolute dynamic. A
decrescendo is started with \>
and is also
terminated with \!
or an absolute dynamic. \cr
and
\decr
may be used instead of \<
and \>
. They
can be engraved either using a graphical sign (a ‘hairpin’), or
with textual signs.
Because these marks are bound to notes, you must use spacer notes if multiple marks are needed during one note.
c\< c\! d\> e\! << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\! \> s4\! } >>
This may give rise to very short hairpins. To lengthen them, use
for example minimum-length
in
Voice.Hairpin:
\override Voice.Hairpin #'minimum-length = #5
A hairpin normally starts at the left edge of the beginning note
and ends on the right edge of the ending note. If the ending note
falls on the downbeat, the hairpin ends on the immediately
preceding bar line. This may be modified by setting the
hairpinToBarline
property:
e4\< e2. e1\! \set hairpinToBarline = ##f e4\< e2. e1\!
In some situations the \espressivo
articulation mark may be
suitable to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on the one note:
c2 b4 a g1\espressivo
Hairpins may be printed with a circled tip (al niente notation) by
setting the circled-tip
property:
\override Hairpin #'circled-tip = ##t c2\< c\! c4\> c\< c2\!
You can use text saying cresc., decr., or dim. instead of hairpins with the commands \setTextCresc, \setTextDim, and \setTextDecresc. The corresponding \setHairpinCresc, \setHairpinDim, and \setHairpinDecresc will revert to hairpins again:
\setTextCresc c\< d e f\! \setHairpinCresc e\> d c b\! \setTextDecresc e\> d e f\! \setTextDecr c\> d e f\! \setTextDim e\> d c b\!
You can also supply your own texts and change the style of the
spanner line with the properties \crescendoText
,
\crescendoSpanner
, \decrescendoText
, and
\decrescendoSpanner
. Available values for the spanner
properties are hairpin
, line
, dashed-line
,
and dotted-line
. If unset, a hairpin crescendo is used:
\set crescendoText = \markup { \italic "cresc. poco" } \set crescendoSpanner = #'dotted-line a'2\< a a a a a a a\!\mf
To create new dynamic marks or text that should be aligned with dynamics, see New dynamic marks.
Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by DynamicLineSpanner.
\dynamicUp
,
\dynamicDown
,
\dynamicNeutral
.
Dynamics that occur at, begin on, or end on the same note will be
vertically aligned. If you want to ensure that dynamics are
aligned when they do not occur on the same note, you can increase
the staff-padding
property.
\override DynamicLineSpanner #'staff-padding = #4
You may also use this property if the dynamics are colliding with other notation.
Crescendi and decrescendi that cross a line break will be continued on the second line. If they end on the first note of a new line, nothing will be printed on that line. To change this behavior, use
\override Score.Hairpin #'after-line-breaking = ##t
Text style dynamic changes (such as cresc. and dim.) are printed with a dashed line showing their extent. To surpress printing this line, use
\override DynamicTextSpanner #'dash-period = #-1.0
Music Glossary: hairpin, crescendo, decrescendo.
Learning Manual: Articulation and dynamics.
Snippets: Expressive
Internals Reference: DynamicText,
Hairpin. Vertical positioning of these symbols is
handled by DynamicLineSpanner.
Previous: Articulations and ornamentations, Up: Attached to notes
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